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| Eerie Von |
Eerie VonEerie Von was born on August 25, 1964. He is also known as Erie Von Detten, Eerie Von Spellman, and Eric Spellman. Eerie was the drummer for Rosemary's Babies, a Hardcore punk band from Lodi, New Jersey. During his tenure in that band, Von struck a friendship with Glenn Danzig and The Misfits, becoming the band's roadie and photographer. Von later played bass guitar for goth metal band Samhain from 1984-1988 and heavy metal band Danzig from 1988 to 1994.
Solo Albums
- 1995 - Uneasy Listening (with Mike Morance)
- 1999 - The Blood And The Body
Albums played on
- 1983 - Blood Lust by Rosemary's Babies
- 1984 - Initium by Samhain
- 1985 - Unholy Passion EP by Samhain
- 1986 - November-Coming-Fire by Samhain
- 1988 - Danzig by Danzig
- 1990 - Lucifuge by Danzig
- 1990 - Final Descent by Samhain
- 1992 - Danzig III: How the Gods Kill by Danzig
- 1993 - Thrall: Demonsweatlive by Danzig
- 1994 - Danzig 4 by Danzig
- 2000 - Darken My Fire: A Gothic Tribute To The Doors by Various Artists
- 2001 - Live on the Black Hand Side by Danzig
- 2002 - Samhain Live '85-'86 by Samhain
External links
- [http://www.lyricsdir.com/eerie-von-lyrics.html Eerie Von Lyrics]
Category:1964 births
Category:Bass guitarists
Category:The Misfits
August 25August 25 is the 237th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (238th in leap years), with 128 days remaining.
Events
- 1537 - The Honourable Artillery Company, the oldest surviving regiment in the British Army, and the second most senior, is formed.
- 1580 - Battle of Alcantara. Spain defeats Portugal.
- 1609 - Galileo Galilei demonstrates his first telescope to Venetian lawmakers.
- 1718 - New Orleans, Louisiana is founded.
- 1758 - Seven Years War: Frederick II of Prussia defeats the Russian army at the Battle of Zorndorf.
- 1768 - James Cook begins his first voyage.
- 1825 - Uruguay declares its independence from Spain.
- 1830 - Belgium revolts from the Netherlands
- 1835 - The New York Sun perpetrates the Great Moon Hoax.
- 1875 - Matthew Webb becomes the first person to swim the English Channel.
- 1894 - Shibasaburo Kitasato discovers the infectious agent of the bubonic plague and publishes his findings in The Lancet.
- 1910 - Yellow Cab is founded.
- 1912 - The Kuomintang, the Chinese nationalist party, is founded.
- 1916 - The United States National Park Service is created.
- 1920 - Polish-Soviet War: Battle of Warsaw, started on August 13, now ends. The Red Army is defeated.
- 1942 - World War II: Battle of Milne Bay, Papua New Guinea
- 1944 - World War II: Paris is liberated by the Allies.
- 1946 - Ben Hogan wins the PGA Championship.
- 1950 - President Harry Truman orders the US Army to seize control of the nation's railroads to avert a strike.
- 1960 - Games of the XVII Olympiad open in Rome.
- 1975 - Bruce Springsteen releases Born to Run, the album that would launch him to superstardom.
- 1980 - Microsoft announces their version of UNIX, Xenix.
- 1980 - The Broadway musical 42nd Street opens; the show's director, Gower Champion, had died earlier that day.
- 1988 - The historical center of Lisbon is destroyed by a fire.
- 1989 - Tadeusz Mazowiecki chosen as the first non-communist Prime Minister in Central and Eastern Europe.
- 1989 - Voyager 2 spacecraft flies by Neptune, the last major planet it could visit before leaving the Solar System.
- 1989 - Mayumi Moriyama becomes Japan's first female cabinet secretary.
- 1991 - Linus Torvalds first says in a post to the comp.os.minix newsgroup that he is working on a new free computer operating system.
- 1991 - Belarus declares independence from the Soviet Union
- 2003 - The Tli Cho land claims agreement is signed between the Dogrib First Nations and the Canadian federal government in Rae-Edzo, Northwest Territories.
- 2003 - Fifty-two are killed in two Islamic terrorist bomb blasts in Mumbai, India.
- 2005 - Tom Boonen wins the World Championship cycling in Madrid, Spain.
- 2005 - Hurricane Katrina makes landfall on the Miami-Dade/Broward county line, hours after reaching hurricane strength.
Births
- 1530 - Tsar Ivan IV of Russia (d. 1584)
- 1561 - Philippe van Lansberge, Dutch astronomer (d. 1632)
- 1624 - François de la Chaise, French confessor of Louis XIV of France (d. 1709)
- 1635 - Sir Henry Morgan, Welsh privateer (d. 1688)
- 1662 - John Leverett the Younger, American President of Harvard (d. 1724)
- 1719 - Charles-Amédée-Philippe van Loo, French painter (d. 1795)
- 1724 - George Stubbs, British painter (d. 1806)
- 1744 - Johann Gottfried Herder, German writer (d. 1803)
- 1767 - Antoine Louis Léon de Richebourg de Saint-Just, French revolutionary and writer (d. 1794)
- 1772 - King William I of the Netherlands (d. 1843)
- 1786 - King Ludwig I of Bavaria (d. 1868)
- 1796 - James Lick, California land baron (d. 1876)
- 1802 - Nikolaus Lenau, Austrian poet (d. 1850)
- 1819 - Allan Pinkerton, American private detective (d. 1884)
- 1836 - Bret Harte, American writer (d. 1902)
- 1841 - Emil Kocher, Swiss medical researcher, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1917)
- 1845 - King Ludwig II of Bavaria (d. 1886)
- 1850 - Charles Richet, French scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1935)
- 1882 - Sean O'Kelly, President of Ireland (d. 1966)
- 1898 - Helmut Hasse, German mathematican (d. 1975)
- 1900 - Sir Hans Adolf Krebs, German physician and biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1981)
- 1902 - Stefan Wolpe, German-born composer (d. 1972)
- 1909 - Ruby Keeler, Canadian singer and actress (d. 1993)
- 1909 - Michael Rennie, English actor (d. 1971)
- 1912 - Erich Honecker, head of state of East Germany (d. 1994)
- 1913 - Walt Kelly, American cartoonist (d. 1973)
- 1916 - Van Johnson, American actor
- 1916 - Frederick Chapman Robbins, American pediatrician and virologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2003)
- 1917 - Mel Ferrer, American actor
- 1918 - Leonard Bernstein, American conductor and composer (d. 1990)
- 1918 - Richard Greene, English actor (d. 1985)
- 1919 - George Wallace, Governor of Alabama (d. 1998)
- 1921 - Monty Hall, Canadian-born game show host
- 1921 - Brian Moore, Irish-born writer (d. 1999)
- 1927 - Althea Gibson, American tennis player (d. 2003)
- 1928 - Herbert Kroemer, German-born physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1930 - Sir Sean Connery, Scottish actor
- 1931 - Regis Philbin, American television host
- 1933 - Wayne Shorter, American musician
- 1933 - Tom Skerritt, American actor
- 1935 - Charles Wright, American poet
- 1938 - David Canary, American actor
- 1938 - Frederick Forsyth, English author
- 1939 - John Badham, American film director
- 1940 - José Van Dam, Belgian baritone
- 1944 - Anthony Heald, American actor
- 1946 - Rollie Fingers, baseball player
- 1947 - Anne Archer, American actress
- 1949 - Martin Amis, English novelist
- 1949 - John Savage, American actor
- 1949 - Gene Simmons, Israeli-born bassist
- 1951 - Rob Halford, English singer (Judas Priest)
- 1952 - Peter Wolf, American singer and composer
- 1954 - Elvis Costello, English musician
- 1958 - Tim Burton, American film director, producer, and screenwriter
- 1961 - Billy Ray Cyrus, American singer
- 1962 - David Packer, American actor
- 1964 - Maxim Kontsevich, Russian mathematician
- 1964 - Blair Underwood, American actor
- 1968 - Rafet El Roman, Turkish singer and composer
- 1968 - Stuart Murdoch, Scottish musician (Belle & Sebastian)
- 1968 - Rachael Ray, American cook and television host
- 1969 - Cameron Mathison, Canadian actor
- 1970 - Claudia Schiffer, German model
- 1972 - Marvin Harrison, American football player
- 1981 - Rachel Bilson, American actress
- 1987 - Stacey Farber, Canadian actress
Deaths
- 383 - Gratian, Roman Emperor (b. 359)
- 1192 - Hugh III, Duke of Burgundy (b. 1142)
- 1270 - King Louis IX of France
- 1282 - Thomas Cantilupe, English saint
- 1330 - James Douglas, Scottish soldier (b. 1286)
- 1482 - Margaret of Anjou, queen of Henry VI of England (b. 1429)
- 1554 - Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk, English politician (b. 1473)
- 1632 - Thomas Dekker, English dramatist
- 1650 - Richard Crashaw, English poet
- 1688 - Henry Morgan, Welsh privateer
- 1699 - King Christian V of Denmark (b. 1646)
- 1711 - Edward Villiers, 1st Earl of Jersey, English politician
- 1742 - Carlos Seixas, Portuguese composer (b. 1704)
- 1774 - Niccolò Jommelli, Italian composer (b. 1714)
- 1776 - David Hume, Scottish philosopher and historian (b. 1711)
- 1792 - Jacques Cazotte, French writer (b. 1719)
- 1822 - William Herschel, German-born astronomer (b. 1738)
- 1867 - Michael Faraday, English scientist (b. 1791)
- 1900 - Friedrich Nietzsche, German philosopher (b. 1844)
- 1900 - Kuroda Kiyotaka, Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1840)
- 1904 - Henri Fantin-Latour, French painter (b. 1836)
- 1908 - Henri Becquerel, French physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1852)
- 1925 - Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf, Austro-Hungarian field marshal (b. 1852)
- 1938 - Aleksandr Kuprin, Russian writer (b. 1870)
- 1942 - George Edward Alexander Windsor, Duke of Kent (b. 1902)
- 1945 - John Birch, American intelligence officer and missionary (b. 1918)
- 1967 - Stanley Bruce, eighth Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1883)
- 1967 - Paul Muni, Polish actor (b. 1895)
- 1967 - George Lincoln Rockwell, American Nazi Party leader (b. 1918)
- 1971 - Ted Lewis, American musician and entertainer (b. 1890)
- 1976 - Eyvind Johnson, Swedish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1900)
- 1979 - Stan Kenton, American musician and bandleader (b. 1911)
- 1980 - Gower Champion, American dancer, actor, and choreographer (b. 1919)
- 1984 - Truman Capote, American author (b. 1924)
- 1984 - Waite Hoyt, baseball player (b. 1899)
- 1985 - Samantha Smith, American social activist and actress (plane crash) (b. 1972)
- 1990 - Morley Callaghan, Canadian writer (b. 1903)
- 2000 - Carl Barks, American cartoonist (b. 1901)
- 2001 - Aaliyah, American singer (plane crash) (b. 1979)
- 2002 - Dorothy Hewett, Australian writer (b. 1923)
- 2005 - Peter Glotz, German social democrat (b. 1939)
Holidays and observances
- Roman festivals - Opiconsivia held in honor of Ops.
- RC Saints - Genesius of Arles, Saint Louis IX of France, Saint Joseph Calasanz
- Uruguay - National Day (independence from Brazil in 1825).
- Philippines - National Heroes' Day.
External links
- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/25 BBC: On This Day]
- [http://www.britannica.com/eb/dailycontent?month=8&day=25 Encyclopædia Britannica: This Day in History]
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August 24 - August 26 - July 25 - September 25 -- listing of all days
ko:8월 25일
ms:25 Ogos
ja:8月25日
simple:August 25
th:25 สิงหาคม
1964
:For the Nintendo 64 emulator, see 1964 (Emulator).
1964 (MCMLXIV) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar).
Events
January
- January 1 - Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland is dissolved.
- January 3 - Senator Barry Goldwater announces that he will seek the Republican nomination for President.
- January 5 - In the first meeting between leaders of the Roman Catholic and Orthodox churches since the 15th century, Pope Paul VI and Patriarch Athenagoras I meet in Jerusalem.
- January 7 - A British firm, the Leyland Motor Corp., announces the sale of 450 buses to the Cuban government, challenging the United States blockade of Cuba.
- January 8 - In his first State-of-the-Union address, President Lyndon Johnson declares a "War on Poverty" in the United States.
- January 9 - Armed clashes between United States troops and Panamanian mobs in the Canal Zone precipitate a major international crisis and result in the deaths of 21 Panamanians and 4 U.S. soldiers.
- January 11 - United States Surgeon General Luther Leonidas Terry reports that smoking may be hazardous to one's health. First such statement from the U.S. government.
- January 12 - The predominantly Arab government of Zanzibar is overthrown by African nationalist rebels. A U.S. destroyer evacuates 61 U.S. citizens.
- January 12 - Terry C. Soto, Founder of PPI Enterprises of Houston, Texas, is born.
- January 13 - I Want to Hold Your Hand by The Beatles released in the United States. It will become their first North American hit and the beginning of Beatlemania.
- January 16 - Hello Dolly! opens in New York City's St. James Theatre.
- January 16 - John Glenn, the first American to orbit the earth, resigns from the space program and announces the next day that he will seek the Democratic nomination for U.S. Senator from Ohio.
- January 18 - Esther Armstrong Scottish Landscape Artist born in Dingwall,Scotland. Plans to build the World Trade Center announced.
- January 20 - Meet the Beatles, the first Beatles album in the United States, is released.
- January 22 - Kenneth Kaunda inaugurated as the first President of Northern Rhodesia.
- January 23 - Thirteen years after its proposal and nearly two years after the measure had been passed by the United States Senate 77-16, the 24th Amendment to the United States Constitution, prohibiting the use of poll taxes in national elections, is ratified.
- January 23 - Arthur Miller's After the Fall opens on Broadway. A semi-autobiographical work, it will arouse controversy over his portrayal of late ex-wife Marilyn Monroe.
- January 27 - France and the People's Republic of China announce their decision to establish diplomatic relations.
- January 27 - Senator Margaret Chase Smith (R-Me.), 66, announces her candidacy for the Republican nomination for President.
- January 28 - A U.S. Air Force jet training plane that strays into East Germany is shot down by Soviet fighters near Erfurt. All three crew men are killed.
- January 29 - 1964 Winter Olympics open in Innsbruckand concludes on February 9. The Soviet Union launches two scientific satellites, Elektron I and II, from a single rocket.
- January 30 - The junta ruling South Vietnam since the overthrow of President Ngo Dinh Diem is itself toppled from power in a bloodless coup led by Maj. Gen. Nguyen Khanh.
- January 30 - Ranger 6 is launched by NASA. Its mission is to carry television cameras and to crash-land on the moon.
February
- February 3 - In protests against alleged de-facto school racial segregation, black and Puerto Rican groups in New York City boycott public school.
- February 6 - Cuba cuts off the normal water supply to the United States naval base at Guantanamo Bay in reprisal for U.S. seizure 4 days earlier of 4 Cuban fishing boats off the coast of Florida.
- February 7 - A jury trying Bryon De La Beckwith for the murder of Medgar Evers in June 1963 reports in Jackson, Mississippi that it was unable to agree on a verdict, resulting in a mistrial; The Beatles land in New York City.
- February 9 - The Beatles make their first appearance on the Ed Sullivan Show. The 1964 Winter Olympics concludes.
- February 11 - Greeks & Turks begin fighting in Limassol, Cyprus.
- February 11 - The Republic of China (Taiwan) drops diplomatic relations with France because of French recognition of the People's Republic of China.
- February 17 - In Wesberry v. Sanders 376 US 1 1964, the Supreme Court of the United States rules that congressional districts have to be approximately equal in population.
- February 26 - John Glenn slips on a bathroom rug in his Columbus, Ohio apartment and hits his head on the bathtub, injuring his left inner ear, and prompting him (later that week) to withdraw from the race for the Senate nomination.
- February 27 - The government of Italy asks for help to keep the Leaning Tower of Pisa from toppling over.
- February 29 - President Johnson announces that the United States had developed a jet airplane (the A-11), capable of sustained flight at more than 2,000 MPH and of altitudes of more than 70,000 feet.
March
- March 4 - Jimmy Hoffa, President of the Teamsters, is convicted by a Federal jury of tampering with a Federal jury in 1962.
- March 4 – Malta gains independence.
- March 6 - Constantine II becomes King of Greece.
- March 8 - Malcolm X, suspended from the Nation of Islam, says in New York City that he is forming a black nationalist party.
- March 9 - In New York Times Co. v Sullivan 376 US 254 1964, the Supreme Court of the United States rules that under the First Amendment, speech criticizing political figures cannot be censored.
- March 9 - The first Ford Mustang rolls off the assembly line at Ford Motor Company.
- March 10 - Soviet Union military forces shoot down an unarmed reconnaissance bomber that had strayed into East Germany; the three U.S. flyers parachute to safety.
- March 10 - The New Hampshire primary is won by Henry Cabot Lodge, Ambassador to South Vietnam.
- March 12 - Malcolm X withdraws from the Nation of Islam
- March 13 - 38 residents of a neighborhood in Queens, New York City fail to respond to the cries of Kitty Genovese, 28, as she is being stabbed to death. The incident will become notorious.
- March 14 - A jury in Dallas, Texas finds Jack Ruby guilty of killing John F. Kennedy assassin Lee Harvey Oswald.
- March 20 - The precursor of the European Space Agency, ESRO (European Space Research Organization) is established per an agreement signed on June 14, 1962.
- March 26 - Defense Secretary Robert McNamara delivers an address that reiterated the United States determination to give South Vietnam increased military and economic aid in its war against Communist insurgency.
- March 27 - The Good Friday Earthquake, the most powerful earthquake in U.S. history at a magnitude of 9.2, strikes South Central Alaska killing 125 people and inflicting massive damage to the city of Anchorage.
- March 29 - The first pirate radio station, Radio Caroline, is established.
- March 31 - The military overthrows Brazilian President João Goulart, starting 21 years of dictatorship in Brazil.
April
- April 2 - Mrs. Malcolm Peabody, 72, mother of Governor Endicott Peabody of Massachusetts, is released on $450 bond after spending two days in jail in St. Augustine, Florida, because of her participation in an anti-segregation demonstration there.
- April 4 - The Beatles hold the top five positions in the Billboard Top 40 singles in America, an unprecedented accomplishment. Owing mostly to the explosive growth, fragmentation, and marketing of popular music since, this is certain to never happen again. The top songs in America as listed on April 4, in order, were: "Can't Buy Me Love," "Twist and Shout," "She Loves You," "I Want to Hold Your Hand," and "Please Please Me."
- April 5 - Jigme Dorfi, Premier of the Himalayan kingdom of Bhutan is shot dead by an unidentified assassin in Puncholing, near the Indian border.
- April 7 - IBM announces the System/360.
- April 8 - Four of five railroad operating unions strike against the Illinois Central Railroad without warning to bring to a head the five-year dispute over railroad work rules.
- April 9 - The United Nations Security Council adopts by a 9-0 vote a resolution deploring a British air attack on a fort in Yemen 12 days earlier in which 25 persons were reported killed.
- April 11 - The Brazilian Congress elects General Humberto Castelo Branco as President of Brazil.
- April 14 - A Delta rocket's third stage motor ignites prematurely in an assembly room at Cape Canaveral, killing 3.
- April 16 - Geraldine Mock is the first woman to fly solo around the world.
- April 17 - In the United States, the Ford Mustang is officially unveiled to the public.
- April 19 - The coalition government of Laos, headed by Prince Souvanna Phouma, is deposed by a right-wing military group led by Brig. Gen. Kouprasith Abhay.
- April 20 - President Lyndon Johnson in New York and Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev in Moscow announce simultaneously plans to cut back production of materials for making nuclear weapons.
- April 20 - Nelson Mandela makes his "I Am Prepared to Die" speech at the opening of the Rivonia Trial, a classic of the anti-apartheid movement.
- April 20 - BBC2 starts broadcasting in the UK.
- April 22 - British businessman Greville Wynn, who had been imprisoned in Moscow since 1963 accused of spying, is exchanged for Soviet spy Gordon Lonsdale.
- April 22 - NY World's Fair opens to celebrate the 300th anniversary of New Amsterdam being taken over by British forces under the command of the Duke of York (later King James II) and being renamed New York in 1664. It will run until Oct. 18, 1964 and will reopen April 21, 1965, finally closing Oct. 17 of that year. Because there can only be one official world's fair in any one country within ten years and the previous officially sanctioned World's Fair was held in Seattle in 1962, this fair was never officially recognized and many countries declined to be represented.
- April 25 - Thieves steal the head of the Little Mermaid statue in Copenhagen (Henrik Bruun confesses in 1997).
- April 26 - Tanganyika and Zanzibar merge to form Tanzania.
May
- May 2 - Senator Barry Goldwater receives more than 75% of the votes in the Texas Republican Presidential primary.
- May 7 - A Pacific Air Lines Fairchild F-27 crashes near San Ramon, California, killing all 44 aboard; the FBI later reports that a cockpit recorder tape indicates that the pilot and co-pilot had been shot by a suicidal passenger.
- May 7 - At a show of post rockets from Gerhard Zucker on the mountain Hasselkopf near Braunlage (Lower Saxonia, Germany) three persons were killed by an explosion of a rocket.
- May 9 - South Korean President Chung Hee Park reshuffles his Cabinet after a series of student demonstrations against his efforts to restore diplomatic and trade relations with Japan.
- May 11 - Terence Conran opened the first Habitat store on London's Fulham Road.
- May 19 - The United States State Department says that more than 40 hidden microphones have been found embedded in the walls of the U.S. Embassy in Moscow.
- May 19 - Jovan Petronic was born in Beograd, Serbia. He is now an International Chess Master & FIDE Senior Trainer. Jovan maintains his personal website at: http://www.jovanpetronic.com
- May 23 - Mrs. Madeline Dassault, 63, wife of a French plane manufacturer and politician, is kidnapped while leaving her car in front of her Paris home; she is found unharmed the next day in a farmhouse 27 miles from Paris.
- May 23 - Pablo Picasso painted his fourth Head of a Bearded Man.
- May 24-25 - The crowd at a football match in Lima, Peru riot over a referee's decision in Peru-Argentina game - 319 dead, 500 injured in a riot.
- May 27 - Prime Minister Nehru of India dies; he is succeeded by Lal Shastri.
June
- June 2 - Senator Barry Goldwater wins the California Republican Presidential primary, making him the overwhelming favorite for the nomination.
- June 2 - Five million shares of stock in the Communications Satellite Corporation (Comsat) are offered for sale at $20 a share, and the issue is quickly sold out.
- June 3 - South Korean President Park Chung Hee declares martial law in Seoul after 10,000 student demonstrators overpower police.
- June 6 - With a temporary order the rocket launches at Cuxhaven are terminated.
- June 9 - In Federal Court in Kansas City, Kansas, army deserter George John Gessner, 28, is convicted of passing United States secrets to the Soviet Union.
- June 11 - Greece rejects direct talks with Turkey over Cyprus.
- June 11 - In Cologne, Germany, Walter Seifert attacks students and teachers in elementary school with a flamethrower - kills 10 and injures 21
- June 12 Pennsylvania Governor William Scranton announces his candidacy for the Republican Presidential nomination, as part of a 'stop-Goldwater' movement.
- June 12 - Nelson Mandela and seven others are sentenced to life imprisonment in South Africa and sent to the Robben Island prison.
- June 19 - Senator Edward Kennedy, 32, is seriously injured in a private plane crash at Southampton, Massachusetts; the pilot is killed.
- June 21 - Three civil rights workers, Michael Schwerner, Andrew Goodman, and James Chaney, are murdered near Philadelphia, Mississippi, by local segregationist law enforcement officials.
- June 21 - Spain beat the Soviet Union 2-1 to win the 1964 European Championship.
- June 25 - The Vatican condemns the female contraceptive pill.
- June 26 – Moise Tshombe returns to Congo from his exile from Spain.
July
- July 2 - President Lyndon Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act of 1964 into law.
- July 6 - Malawi declares its independence from the United Kingdom.
- July 8 - U.S. military personnel announces that U.S. casualties in Vietnam have risen to 1,387, including 399 dead and 17 MIA.
- July 19 - Vietnam War: At a rally in Saigon, South Vietnamese Prime Minister Nguyen Khanh calls for expanding the war into North Vietnam.
- July 20 - Vietnam War - Viet Cong forces attack a provincial capital, killing 11 South Vietnamese military personnel and 40 civilians (30 of which are children).
- July 22 – Second meeting of Organization of African Unity.
- July 27 - Vietnam War: 5,000 more U.S. military advisers are sent to South Vietnam bringing the total number of United States forces in Vietnam to 21,000.
- July 31 - Ranger program: Ranger 7 sends back the first close-up photographs of the moon (images are 1,000 times clearer than anything ever seen from Earth-bound telescopes).
August
- August 4 - American civil rights movement: Civil rights workers Michael Schwerner, Andrew Goodman and James Chaney found dead in Mississippi after disappearing on June 21.
- August 4 - Vietnam War: United States destroyers USS Maddox and USS C. Turner Joy are attacked in the Gulf of Tonkin. Air support from the carrier USS Ticonderoga sinks two, possibly three North Vietnamese gunboats.
- August 5 - Vietnam War: Operation Pierce Arrow - aircraft from carriers USS Ticonderoga and USS Constellation bomb North Vietnam in retaliation for strikes against US destroyers in the Gulf of Tonkin.
- August 5 – Simba rebel army in Congo capture Stanleyville and takes 1000 western hostages.
- August 7 - Vietnam War: The United States Congress passes the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution giving U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson broad war powers to deal with North Vietnamese attacks on U.S. forces.
- August 8 - A Rolling Stones gig in Scheveningen gets out of control. Riot police end the gig after about 15 minutes, upon which spectators start to fight the riot police.
- August 13 - Murderers Gwynne Owen Evans and Peter Anthony Allen are executed. They are the last people to be executed in the United Kingdom.
- August 16 - Vietnam War: In a coup, General Nguyen Khanh replaces Duong Van Minh as South Vietnam's chief of state and establishes a new constitution, which the U.S. Embassy helped draft.
September
- September 4 - Forth Road Bridge opens over the Firth of Forth.
- September 10 - Germany receives its 1,000,000th foreign worker.
- September 14 - Opening of third period of Second Vatican Council.
- September 14 - the Daily Herald ceases publication, replaced by The Sun.
- September 16 - Shindig! premieres live on the American Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) featuring top musical acts of the sixties.
- September 21 - the island of Malta obtains independance from the United Kingdom.
- September 24 - The Warren Commission Report, the first official investigation of the assassination of United States President John F. Kennedy, is published.
October
- October - In Photoplay magazine, Hedda Hopper announces that Sophia Loren and Paul Newman will star in the film version of Arthur Miller's play, After the Fall, with Loren in the role that was written about Marilyn Monroe. However, the film was never made.
- October 5 - Twenty-three men and 31 women escape to West Berlin through a narrow tunnel under the Berlin Wall.
- October 5 - Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Phillip begin an 8-day visit to Canada.
- October 10 - 1964 Summer Olympics open in Tokyo.
- October 12 - The Soviet Union launches the Voskhod 1 into Earth orbit as the first spacecraft with a multi-person crew and the first flight without space suits.
- October 14 - American civil rights movement leader Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr becomes the youngest recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize, which was awarded to him for leading non-violent resistance to end racial prejudice in the United States.
- October 14 - 15 - Nikita Khrushchev is deposed as leader of the Soviet Union; Leonid Brezhnev and Alexei Kosygin assume power.
- October 15 - United Kingdom's Labour Party wins the parliamentary elections in the United Kingdom, ending 13 years of Conservative Party rule.
- October 15 - Norman Breedlove's jet-powered car Spirit of America goes out of control in Bonnevile Salt Flats in Utah and makes skid marks 9.6 km long
- October 16 - Harold Wilson becomes British Prime Minister.
- October 16 - People's Republic of China explodes an atomic bomb in Sinkiang.
- October 18 - NY World's Fair closes for the year. It will reopen April 21, 1965.
- October 22 - Canada: A Federal Mult-Party Parliamentary Committee selects a design to become the new official Flag of Canada.
- October 24 - Northern Rhodesia, a former British protectorate, becomes the independent Republic of Zambia, ending 73 years of British rule.
- October 24 - 1964 Summer Olympics close in Tokyo.
- October 27 - In Congo, rebel leader Christopher Gbenye takes 60 Americans and 800 Belgians as hostages.
- October 29 - A collection of irreplaceable gemstones, including the 565 carat (113 g) Star of India, is stolen from the American Museum of Natural History in New York City.
- October 31 - Campaigning at Madison Square Garden, New York, President Lyndon Johnson pledges the creation of the Great Society.
November
- November 1 - Mortar fire from North Vietnamese forces rains on the USAF base at Bein Hoa, South Vietnam, killing 4 U.S. servicemen and wounding 72, and destroying five B-57 jet bombers and other planes.
- November 3 - The Bolivian government of President Victor Paz Estenssoro is overthrown by a military rebellion led by General Alfredo Ovando Candía, commander-in-chief of the armed forces.
- November 3 - U.S. presidential election, 1964: Incumbent U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson defeats Republican challenger Barry Goldwater with over 60 percent of the popular vote.
- November 5 - Mariner program: Mariner 3, a U.S. space probe, intended for Mars is launched from Cape Kennedy, but fails.
- November 9 - British House of Commons votes to abolish the death penalty for murder in Britain.
- November 10 - Australia partially reintroduces compulsory military service due to Indonesian Confrontation.
- November 19 - The U.S. Defense Department announced the closing of 95 military bases and facilities, including the Brooklyn Navy Yard, the Brooklyn Army Terminal, and Fort Jay, New York.
- November 21 - Second Vatican Council: The third period of the Catholic Church's ecumenical council closes.
- November 21 - The Verrazano Narrows Bridge opens to traffic (at the time it was the world's longest suspension bridge).
- November 24 - Belgian paratroopers and mercenaries capture Stanleyville but a number of hostages die in the fighting.
- November 28 - Mariner program: NASA launches the Mariner 4 space probe from Cape Kennedy toward Mars to take television pictures of that planet in July 1965.
- November 28 - Vietnam War: National Security Council members, including Robert McNamara, Dean Rusk, and Maxwell Taylor agree to recommend that U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson adopt a plan for a two-stage escalation of bombing in North Vietnam.
December
- December 1 - Vietnam War: U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson and his top-ranking advisers meet to discuss plans to bomb North Vietnam (after some debate, they agreed to enact a two-phase bombing plan).
- December 3 - Berkeley Free Speech Movement: Police arrest over 800 students at the University of California, Berkeley, following their takeover and massive sit-in at the administration building protesting the UC Regents' decision to forbid Vietnam War protests on U.C. property.
- December 14 - The Supreme Court of the United States rules, in Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States 379 US 241 1964, that, in accordance with the Civil Rights Act of 1964, establishments providing public accommodations must refrain from racial discrimination.
- December 15 - The Washington Post publishes an article about James Hampton, who had built a glittering religious throne out of recycled materials
- December 18 - In the wake of deadly riots in January over control of the Panama Canal, the US offers to negotiate a new canal treaty
Date unknown
- 7000 residents of New Hanover, Australia, refuse to pay taxes and found a fund to purchase Lyndon B. Johnson.
- Jerome Horowitz synthesizes zidovudine, an antiviral drug used in treating HIV.
- The Vishwa Hindu Parishad is founded.
- John George Kemeny and Thomas Eugene Kurtz create BASIC (Beginners' All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code), an easy to learn high level programming language that has been included on many computers and even some games consoles.
- First Moog synthesizer designed by Robert Moog.
Births
January-March
- January 2 - Pernell Whitaker, American boxer
- January 6 - Henry Maske, German boxer
- January 6 - Rafael Vidal, Venezuelan swimmer and sports commentator (d. 2005)
- January 7 - Nicolas Cage, American actor
- January 12 - Jeff Bezos, American president of amazon.com
- January 13 - Penelope Ann Miller, American actress
- January 23 - Mariska Hargitay, American actress
- January 27 - Bridget Fonda, American actress
- January 29 - Andre Reed, American football player
- February 4 - Noodles, American guitarist (The Offspring)
- February 5 - Laura Linney, American actress
- February 5 - Duff McKagan, American musician (Guns N'Roses)
- February 15 - Chris Farley, American actor and comedian (d. 1997)
- February 16 - Christopher Eccleston, British actor
- February 17 - Mark Kennedy Shriver, nephew of John F Kennedy, son of Eunice Mary Kennedy.
- February 18 - Matt Dillon, American actor
- March 7 - Bret Easton Ellis, American author
- March 9 - Juliette Binoche, French actress
- March 10 - Edward, Earl of Wessex
- March 11 - Shane Richie, British actor
- March 17 - Rob Lowe, American actor
- March 18 - Bonnie Blair, American speed skater
- March 18 - Irene Cara, American actress and singer
- March 18 - Rozalla, Zambian singer
- March 20 - Natacha Atlas, Belgian singer
- March 25 - Lisa Gay Hamilton, American actress
- March 29 - Elle Macpherson, Australian model
- March 30 - Tracy Chapman, American singer
April-June
- April 1 - Erik Breukink, Dutch cyclist and manager
- April 3 - Bjarne Riis, Danish cyclist
- April 4 - David Cross, American actor and comedian
- April 7 - Russell Crowe, New Zealand-born actor
- April 13 - Caroline Rhea, Canadian actress
- April 24 - Cedric the Entertainer, American comic and actor
- April 21 - Ludmila Engquist, Russian-born Swedish athlete
- April 25 - Hank Azaria, American actor
- April 25 - Andy Bell, English singer and songwriter (Erasure)
- April 29 - Federico Castelluccio, Italian-born actor
- May 6 - Dana Hill, American actress (d. 1996)
- May 8 - Melissa Gilbert, American actress and president of the Screen Actors Guild
- May 8 - Bobby Labonte, American race car driver
- May 12 - Brett Gurewitz, American guitarist (Bad Religion)
- May 24 - Adrian Moorhouse, British swimmer
- May 26 - Lenny Kravitz, American guitarist and singer
- May 28 - Jeff Fenech, Australian boxer
- May 28 - Christa Miller, American actress
- May 28 - Phil Vassar, American musician
- May 30 - Wynonna Judd, American singer
- June 10 - Jimmy Chamberlin, American musician
- June 12 - Paula Marshall, American actress
- June 13 - Kathy Burke, English actress and comedienne
- June 13 - Iain Donaldson, British politician
- June 15 - Courteney Cox, American actress
- June 21 - Doug Savant, American actor
- June 22 - Dan Brown, American author
- June 28 - Mark Grace, baseball player
- June 29 - Stedman Pearson, British singer
July-December
- July 3 - Joanne Harris, English author
- July 3 - Yeardley Smith, American voice actress
- July 16 - Miguel Induráin, Spanish cyclist
- July 22 - Bonnie Langford, British actress
- July 24 - Barry Bonds, baseball player
- July 26 - Sandra Bullock, American actress
- July 28 - Lori Loughlin, American actress
- July 30 - Vivica A. Fox, American actress
- July 31 - Jim Corr, Irish singer and musician (The Corrs)
- August 16 - Jimmy Arias, American tennis player
- August 19 - Dermott Brereton, Australian rules footballer
- August 24 - Salizhan Sharipov, cosmonaut
- August 25 - Maxim Kontsevich, Russian mathematician
- September 2 - Keanu Reeves, Lebanese-born actor
- September 7 - Eazy-E, American musician and record producer (d. 1995)
- September 8 - Michael Johns, American health care executive and Presidential speechwriter
- September 11 - Ellis Burks, baseball player
- September 11 - Roxann Dawson, American actress
- September 22 - Bonnie Hunt, American actress
- September 23 - Koshi Inaba, Japanese singer (B'z)
- September 28 - Janeane Garofalo, American actress and comedienne
- September 29 - Les Claypool, American bassist (Primus)
- October 2 - Dirk Brinkmann, German field hockey player
- October 15 - Quinton Flynn, American voice actor
- October 22 - Drazen Petrovic, Croatian basketball player (d. 1993)
- October 26 - Marc Lépine, Canadian serial killer (d. 1989)
- October 29 - Yasmin Le Bon, British model
- October 31 - Marco van Basten, Dutch football player and manager
- November 9 - Robert Duncan McNeill, American actor
- November 10 - Kenny Rogers, baseball player
- November 11 - Calista Flockhart, American actress
- November 14 - Bill Hemmer, American broadcast journalist
- December 5 - Karin Snelson, author and editor
- December 8 - Teri Hatcher, American actress
- December 13 - punk rock usually characterized by short, loud, and often passionate songs with exceptionally fast tempos and chord changes.
Overview
Hardcore originated in the late 1970s and early '80s in North America, primarily in and around Los Angeles and Washington, DC, but also in around New York City, Vancouver, Boston, and other cities. Former DC club promoter Steven Blush claimed, in his book, American Hardcore: A Tribal History, that hardcore was punk rock adapted for suburban teens. Hardcore lyrics often express righteous indignation at society, usually from a politically left perspective.
The origin of the term 'hardcore punk' is uncertain. One story is that the term was coined by New York City producer and manager Bob Sallese while promoting a show by the band, The Mob, circa 1981, at a Bayside, Queens club. (The common New York term for fast punk, at the time, was 'thrash.') A less dubious possibility is that it comes from the "Hardcore '81" album by Vancouver's D.O.A.. Until roughly 1983, "hardcore" was used fairly sparingly, in the spirit of an adjective, and not in the sense of a defined musical genre: American teenagers who were into hardcore considered themselves into 'punk' -- as opposed to 'punk rock' or '77 punk,' the earlier, slower style of the Sex Pistols, et al., which they generally considered hopelessly dated and passé. 'Hardcore' was initially an in-group term meaning, in perfect anthropological fashion, "music by people like us," and included a surprisingly wide range of sounds, from hyper-speed punk to sludgy dirge-rock, and often including art/experimental bands such as Mission of Burma, The Stickmen, and Flipper. Today (and for the purpose of this article), it refers more-or-less exclusively to what used to be known as 'thrash.'
History
Like the British punk wave of 1976 to 1978, American hardcore was initially a tight-knit movement that evolved into an enduring genre. The sound borrowed elements from bands such as The Ramones, the UK Subs, and Motörhead (often at second- or third-remove), but quickly became an entity in itself.
As with most musical genres, it's difficult to place the exact origins of hardcore; furthermore, the music's creation -- when and where earlier styles transformed into something new -- is subject to debate among fans.
Michael Azerrad's Our Band Could Be Your Life traces hardcore, ultimately, to three bands: He calls LA's Black Flag (formed in 1976) the music's "godfathers"; credits the Bad Brains, formed in Washington, D.C. in 1978, with introducing their often astonishingly fast "light speed" tempos; and calls Minor Threat, another Washington, D.C. group formed in 1980, the "definitive" hardcore punk band.
The Bad Brains' eponymous first album (originally a cassette-only release, in 1981), has been called the "holy grail" of hardcore. [http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:bt98b5p4nsqh~T1]. A similarly-esteemed single, "Pay to Cum" b/w "Stay Close to Me," preceded it in 1980. (See here for sound files of the album: [http://www.mp3.com/albums/210998/summary.html])
Black Flag's reputation--well established during their career--has only grown in the nearly two decades since they disbanded: One critic says that Black Flag was "for all intents and purposes, America's first hardcore band. They emerged from Southern California to gain international prominence, touring enough to become a major attraction in virtually every city where a scene existed and undoubtedly inspiring others to get in the game," and that the group played "an essential role in the development and popularization of American punk." [http://www.trouserpress.com/entry.php?a=black_flag] In fact, Black Flag were tremendously important as a tireless DIY outfit, while (like the Dead Kennedys) having a musical style that seems not to have influenced many other bands of the time. They were mainstays, and tremendously respected, but were not necessarily artistic leaders.
Also often cited as the definitive hardcore band are The Teen Idles, formed in 1978 in Washington, D.C. (Ian MacKaye, known as singer-guitarist of Fugazi, was a member of both the Teen Idles and, later, Minor Threat; the Teen Idles' EP was posthumously released in 1981.) They were sloppy, off-kilter proto-thrash. However, several bands in the Los Angeles area in the late 1970s released records whose style is functionally identical to what would later be called 'hardcore.' The most striking is the Middle Class's thrashing "Out of Vogue" EP from 1978.
Also historically crucial is Rhino 39's 1979 "Xerox" b/w "No Compromise"/"Prolixin Stomp" single (Audio clips here: [http://www.emusic.com/album/10595/10595038.html]). The Germs' 1979 "GI" LP is essentially a hardcore record, not only for its quick tempos but especially for its notably fast chord changes (clips here; choose "What We Do Is Secret" and below for the important (GI) album: [http://www.mp3.com/the-germs/artists/3712/summary.html]), while the Circle Jerks' first album, from 1980, features both blinding chord changes and tempos.
The Misfits, from northern New Jersey, were a '77 punk band involved in New York's Max's Kansas City scene, whose ironic horror-movie aesthetic was hugely popular among early hardcore aficionados. In 1981, the Misfits responded by integrating high-speed thrash songs into their set. Hüsker Dü was formed in St. Paul, Minnesota in 1978, as a New Wave ensemble, and became a thrash band, releasing their first recordings in 1981. Their early recorded output has been called a "breakneck force like no other ... Not for the faint of heart." [http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:fbfexqw5ldae]
During this period, records and bands traveled from the far more organized California scenes to the East Coast, but rarely in the other direction (the Teen Idles played two poorly-attended shows in California in the summer of 1980, and were the first ostensible East Coast hardcore band to do so. Minor Threat's 1981 shows in Los Angeles were also somewhat spottily-attended).
Many anomalies, as well, exist; including two other all-Black punk bands, circa 1978: the NY Niggers, from New York, and Philadelphia's Pure Hell -- both of whom released singles. Both sound like a speedy upward ramp toward thrash.
For further examples in the difficulty of pinpointing Hardcore's origins (and there are many other such examples), Black Flag's canonical singer, Henry Rollins, first appeared under his given name, Henry Garfield, in the early DC hardcore band, State of Alert -- and joined Black Flag under fairly random circumstances after filling in on vocals -- as a fan -- at a 1981 show at New York's A7 club. In 1981, DC and Los Angeles both featured major bands called Youth Brigade, neither of whom was initially aware of the other.
All of the above suggests that despite Azerrad's thesis, hardcore punk arose more or less organically throughout the United States--though especially on both coasts--at roughly the same time.
Other notable early hardcore bands (circa 1980-81) include The Neos, from Victoria, British Columbia; The Fix, from Detroit; The Necros, from Maumee, Ohio; Strike Under, The Effigies, and Naked Raygun from Chicago; The Dicks and Big Boys, from Austin, Texas.
College radio stations throughout the country played early hardcore, but the most influential single show was Rodney on the ROQ, on Los Angeles' commercial station KROQ. DJ Rodney Bingenheimer played many styles of music, and helped popularize what was, circa 1979-80, called "Beach Punk" -- a rowdy suburban style played by mostly teenage bands in and around Huntington Beach, and in the heavily-conservative Orange County. The San Francisco-area public station KPFA featured the Maximum Rock 'n' Roll radio show, with DJs Tim Yohannon and Jeff Bale, who played the younger Northern California bands. A wave of zines also helped spread the new, younger punk style, including Guillotine, Ripper, Flipside, and in late 1981, Yohannon and Bale's Maximum RocknRoll zine -- modeled on Tim Tonooka's Ripper, but with a national circulation and 'scene reports' from around the country. A strong infrastructure of indie labels, linked with already-existing radio outlets and both old and new zines (Slash, Option, Flipside, and others had already covered alternative music for several years), helped to create a functioning, nationwide subculture, if not always one that was appreciated by older indie-music fans.
Unfortunately, the hardcore scene became associated with violence, and attracted some aggressive elements to hardcore shows. Some clubs were often trashed, and police began to appear at shows, at least in Los Angeles, USA.
Skateboarding was also associated with the scene, at a time in which the radical sport known today was practiced underground and almost without official notice. The hardcore scene created slamdancing ('moshing' was a later term borrowed from Jamaican reggae -- the original one was '[doing] the Huntington Beach Strut'), stagediving, and crowd surfing.
1981 saw the release of Black Flag's first album, Damaged (they had released several singles and EPs since 1978). Popular at the time, but not much imitated, two decades later it's often seen as the defining album of the genre. The album would briefly appear on Billboard Magazine's top-200 album chart (at Number 200, for one week). The early hardcore scene was, however, highly regional, and equally important records of the period include The Adolescents' first LP (from Los Angeles), the NYC compilation The Big Apple Rotten To The Core, the Boston-area This Is Boston Not LA compilation LP, the Zero Boys LP (from Indianapolis), the Detroit-area Process of Elimination compilation EP, the Negative Approach EP (from Detroit), The Necros' IQ 32 EP (from Maumee, Ohio), SS Decontrol's Kids Will Have Their Say LP (from Lynn, Massachusetts), the New York Thrash cassette compilation, the DC-area Flex Your Head compilation LP, the Northern California Not So Quiet on the Western Front double-LP compilation, the Chicago-area Busted at OZ compilation LP, and the Fartz's Because This Fuckin' World Stinks LP (from Seattle). Complicating the matter is the fact that many important bands did not record, or released only self-made cassettes. Many regional bands were important through live shows, and do not appear in discographies.
The cult-like influence of many of these bands persists to this day.
Influence
Hardcore had a huge influence on other forms of rock music, especially in America. The San-Francisco-based heavy metal band Metallica were among the first crossover artists (circa 1982-83), incorporating the compositional structure and technical proficiency of metal with the speed and aggression of hardcore (Metallica would eventually cover three Misfits songs). Venom were another very early crossover band, as were Hellhammer and Slayer. The new style became known as Thrash metal -- or, alternatively, Speed metal, although this term came later (another transitional term was 'Speedcore'), and soon became a trend, including other bands such as Megadeth and Anthrax.
The rising influence of heavy metal in the hardcore scene was much to the dismay of some (especially veteran) hardcore punks, who felt that the hardcore bands who were crossing over to metal styles (the Boston scene had gone over en masse, circa 1984, while other bands such as Corrosion of Conformity, from Raleigh, North Carolina, gained prominence through popularity among metal fans) were selling out to some of the very sensibilities that hardcore had organized against -- as well as taking umbrage at headbangers who, they believed, were making a travesty of something that others had built. Veterans remembered that only a couple of years earlier, they were being attacked on the streets by hostile metalheads. Suddenly, those very people were, veterans thought, attempting to co-opt hardcore. Moreover, it was believed by these die-hard hardcore punks that these new long-haired interpreters of hardcore were merely engaging in contrivance and attempting to mimic emotions, such as raw anger, that they truly did not feel.
In 1985, New York's Stormtroopers of Death, an Anthrax side project, released the extremely popular album, Speak English or Die. Though it bore similarities to Thrash metal, such as a characteristic bass-heavy guitar sound, and fast tempos and chord changes, the album was distinguished from Thrash metal in its lack of guitar solos and heavy use of crunchy chord breakdowns (a New York hardcore technique) known as "mosh parts". Other bands, most notably Suicidal Tendencies (from Los Angeles), and DRI (from Austin, Texas), played music similar to that of Stormtroopers of Death. The music was dubbed Crossover in the 1980's, however today the genre is often called punk metal.
Many hardcore bands branched out and began experimenting with other styles, moods and concerns as their careers progressed in the 1980's; the music of many of these bands are some of the earliest examples of what became known as alternative rock. Husker Du's artistic growth from Land Speed Record to their final album Warehouse: Songs and Stories is a chief example of this development. Grunge especially was heavily influenced by hardcore. In this case, the sense of liberation that many of the grunge bands felt, that you didn't have to be the world's greatest musician to form a band, was at least as important as the music. Even though the early grunge sound was more influenced by Black Sabbath and Black Flag's My War album than hardcore punk rock, bands like Mudhoney and Nirvana would instill a traditional hardcore influence as well as take the sound into more conventional pop-oriented territory. In fact, Kurt Cobain once described Nirvana's sound as "The Knack and The Bay City Rollers being molested by Black Flag and Black Sabbath". This ultimately resulted in renewed interest in American hardcore in the '90s.
In the early '90s, bands like NOFX and Bad Religion achieved varying levels of mainstream success, though both NOFX and Bad Religion had been around since the early '80s. They added catchy melodies and anthemic choruses to the hardcore template whilst removing much of the aggression and anger that had been the genre's trademark. NOFX and Bad Religion are rarely accepted as authentic by fans of hardcore punk, other bands that towed a poppier line, such as Green Day and blink 182, are almost always regarded as sellouts or being posers, like NOFX. Bands that retained the aggression of '80s Hardcore into the '90s include Agnostic Front , The Dwarves, The Distillers and Zero Bullshit. Many early hardcore bands have regrouped.
The hardcore punk scene had an influence that spread far beyond music. The straight edge philosophy was rooted in hardcore and still exists today, though by no means were all hardcore punks straight edgers.
(The popularity of straight edge in the hardcore scene was greater in the eastern U.S. than in the west.)
Hardcore also put a great emphasis on the DIY punk ethic, with many bands making their own records, flyers, and other items, and booking their own tours through an informal network of like-minded people. Radical environmentalism and veganism found popular expressions in the hardcore scene.
Early history in Europe and the UK
Outside of North America, the influence of Hardcore has been less universal. The Netherlands, Finland, Sweden, and Germany had, and continue to have, notably active and prolific scenes, but in the United Kingdom, more traditional punk bands like The Exploited, GBH, Discharge, and The Anti-Nowhere League occupied the cultural space that hardcore did elsewhere. These UK bands at times showed a superficial similarity to American hardcore, often including quick tempos and chord changes, and generally had similar political and social sensibilities -- but they represented a case of parallel evolution, having been musically inspired by the earlier London street-punk band, Sham 69, and/or the proto-speed-metal band, Motörhead.
Additionally, Discharge played a huge role in influencing the Swedish hardcore scene with bands such as Anti Cimex and other European bands. To this day many hardcore bands from that region still have a strong Discharge and even Motörhead influence, which is considered by many to be the standard Swedish hardcore sound. (It should also be noted, that there among a high percentage of Swedish hardcore bands from the early 90's and on, was a huge influence from the band Entombed in terms of sound, songwriting and production. Some would claim that the Entombed influence was -- or is -- an important part of how characteristic these bands sound; while other would claim that they suffer from a high similarity, because of it.)
In much the same way, Anarcho-punk bands like Crass, Conflict, Icons Of Filth, Flux Of The Pink Indians and Rudimentary Peni had little in common with American hardcore other than an uncompromising political philosophy and an abrasive aesthetic. American hardcore punks listened to and supported many of these British bands (shows by bands such as GBH were considered special events in America, and drew large crowds), even while upholding a strict regionalism, deriding them as 'rock stars' and anyone too fond of them as 'poseurs' (expressive fans of the influential UK anarcho-punk collective, Crass, were called 'crassholes'). A 1986 concert by Discharge, in New York, generated brief international infamy when a crowd of roughly 1,500 paid $10 admission and pelted the band with garbage, but it should be noted at the time Discharge were adopting a more metallic sound. American hardcore bands who visited the UK (such as Black Flag, in 1981) encountered equally ambivalent attitudes. Visiting European hardcore bands suffered no such prejudice in the US, with Italian bands Raw Power and Negazione, and the Dutch BGK, enjoying widespread popularity.
It should also be mentioned, that there in the more underground part of the UK scene, around the same time and a little later than the already mentioned bands existed, grew a hardcore sound and scene, inspired by continental European/Scandinavian, Japanese and US bands. It was started by bands like (and the people in) Asylum, Genocide Association and Plasmid, that from their material and inspiration -- only heard at live shows, and released on demo tapes and compilations in the mid 80's -- would evolve into bands like Heresy, Ripcord, early Napalm De | | |
